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Khamis, 7 Mac 2019

Internet Mac 07, 2019

9 SOVEREIGN COUNTRIES DON'T HAVE AN AIRLINE

Which countries don't have an airline? There are currently 9 sovereign countries without an airline.

🔔 Andorra - There are no airports in Andorra, so there are no airlines based there.
🔔 Barbados - there used to be 3 airlines based in Barbados: Carib Express, REDjet, and Trans Island Air. However, they’ve all ceased operations, with the most recent being startup airline REDjet ceasing on 2012. However, there are still 14 foreign airlines flying from Canada, America, the UK, Germany, Panama, and many Caribbean countries to Barbados via Grantley Adams International Airport.
🔔 Liechtenstein - There are no airports in Liechtenstein, so there are no airlines based there.
🔔 Micronesia - There used to be an airline named Air Micronesia (later known as Continental Micronesia) based there, which was a subsidiary of Continental Airlines. However, after the United-Continental merger, United Airlines took over all Continental Micronesia operations on 2010. There are 4 international airports in Micronesia. They are in Chuuk, Kosrae, Yap, and Pohnpei. Air Niugini, United Airlines, and Nauru Airlines have services to Micronesia from Papua New Guinea, Marshall Islands, Hawaii, Guam, and Nauru. They also operate domestic flights within Micronesia en route to their base country.
🔔 Guinea-Bissau - Guinea-Bissau used to have a national airline called Air Bissau, but they ceased operations in 1998. However, ASKY Airlines, euroAtlantic Airways, Royal Air Maroc, TAP Air Portugal, and Transair operate flights from Senegal, Togo, Portugal, Cape Verde, and Morocco to Osvaldo Vieira International Airport, the only airport with commercial flights in Guinea-Bissau.
🔔 Liberia - There used to be an airline based in Liberia named Air Liberia. However, they have ceased operations since 1990. However, 6 foreign African airlines and 2 European airlines (KLM and Brussels Airlines) operate flights from Ghana, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Belgium, Sierra Leone, Kenya, Netherlands, and Morocco to Roberts International Airport, the only airport with commercial flights in Liberia.
🔔 San Marino - There are no airports in San Marino, so there are no airlines based there.
🔔 Tuvalu - There has never been an airline based in Tuvalu. However, Fiji Airways operate flights from Nadi and Suva in Fiji to Funafuti International Airport, the only airport in Tuvalu.
🔔 Vatican City - There are no airports in Vatican City, so there are no airlines based there.

Despite Monaco not having any airports, they have two airlines based in their country: Monacair and Heli Air Monaco. This is because they have a heliport, and Monacair and Heli Air Moncao operate helicopter services from Monaco to nearby French cities.

Original information from Quora Digest

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Rabu, 6 Mac 2019

General Mac 06, 2019

SEJARAH SISTEM SUSPENSI

Pereka gerabak dan kereta pedati pada abad ke-16 cuba menyelesaikan masalah "merasakan setiap benjolan di jalan" dengan menggunakan tali kulit untuk menggantung badan kereta yang dipasang pada empat tiang casis yang kelihatan seperti meja terbalik.

Kerana badan pengangkutan ini digantung dari casis, sistem itu dikenali sebagai "penggantungan" - istilah yang masih digunakan sehingga hari ini untuk menggambarkan keseluruhan penyelesaian. Penggantungan badan yang lasak bukanlah sistem peluncuran yang sebenar, tetapi ia membolehkan badan dan roda kereta bergerak secara bebas.

Reka bentuk pegas yang berbentuk semi-elips, juga dikenali sebagai springs, dengan pantas menggantikan sistem penggantungan tali kulit. Penggunaan sistem ini semakin popular pada gerabak, kereta dan kereta api, spring semi-elips sering digunakan pada kedua-dua gandar depan dan belakang.

Walau bagaimanapun, mereka membenarkan pergerakan ke hadapan dan ke belakang dan mempunyai pusat graviti yang tinggi. Dengan kenderaan yang lebih berkuasa berada di jalan raya, sistem lain yang lebih cekap sedang dibangunkan untuk melancarkan perjalanan untuk penumpang.

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Sixteenth-century wagons and carriages tried to solve the problem of "feeling every bump in the road" by slinging the carriage body from leather straps attached to four posts of a chassis that looked like an upturned table.

Because the carriage body was suspended from the chassis, the system came to be known as a "suspension" -- a term still used today to describe the entire class of solutions. The slung-body suspension was not a true springing system, but it did enable the body and the wheels of the carriage to move independently.

Semi-elliptical spring designs, also known as cart springs, quickly replaced the leather-strap suspension. Popular on wagons, buggies and carriages, the semi-elliptical springs were often used on both the front and rear axles.

They did, however, tend to allow forward and backward sway and had a high center of gravity. By the time powered vehicles hit the road, other, more efficient springing systems were being developed to smooth out rides for passengers.

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